Due diligence is everything in crypto. Before throwing money at any exchange, deep dive into their reputation. Don’t just glance – really investigate.
Google is your friend (and enemy): Search for the exchange name alongside terms like “review,” “scam,” “complaint,” “fraud,” and even “exit scam.” Look beyond the first page of results. Pay close attention to the *type* of complaints. A few disgruntled users are normal, but a pattern of missing funds, delayed withdrawals, or unresponsive customer support is a huge red flag. Check independent review sites too, not just those hosted on the exchange itself.
Beyond Google:
- Check their regulatory status: Is the exchange registered with any relevant financial authorities? This varies by country, but legitimacy often involves registration with some regulatory body. Look for transparency on licensing and compliance.
- Scrutinize their security measures: Do they use two-factor authentication (2FA)? What about cold storage for user funds? Read their security policies – are they clear and comprehensive? A lack of transparency here is a massive warning sign.
- Look at their trading volume and liquidity: A high trading volume generally suggests a more established and trustworthy exchange, but this isn’t foolproof. Low liquidity means it might be harder to buy or sell your crypto when you want to.
- Community feedback: Explore relevant subreddits, forums, and social media groups. What’s the general sentiment towards the exchange? Are there recurring issues being discussed?
Know the common scams:
- Pump and dumps: Artificial inflation of a coin’s price, followed by a crash as insiders sell.
- Rug pulls: Developers abandon a project, taking investors’ money with them.
- Phishing scams: Fake websites or emails designed to steal your login credentials.
- Ponzi schemes: Early investors are paid with money from later investors, creating a pyramid structure that eventually collapses.
Remember: If something sounds too good to be true, it probably is. Never invest more than you can afford to lose.
How to identify a crypto scam?
Identifying crypto scams can be tricky, but here’s how to improve your chances of avoiding them:
Be extremely cautious of unsolicited contact. Legitimate crypto projects rarely reach out directly trying to sell you something. If someone contacts you out of the blue promising high returns or easy money, be suspicious. This includes messages on social media, email, or even phone calls.
Always, always research the project thoroughly. Look for a whitepaper – a detailed document explaining the project’s goals and technology. Check if the team behind the project is transparent and easily identifiable. Look for information about their experience and background. A lack of transparency is a huge red flag.
Google the cryptocurrency’s name along with words like “scam,” “review,” or “fraud.” See what comes up. If many sources are warning about it, that’s a serious warning sign. Pay close attention to any news articles or forum discussions highlighting potential problems.
Beware of unrealistic promises. Anything promising guaranteed high returns in a short time is almost certainly a scam. Crypto investments, like any other investment, carry risk. Sustainable profits take time and effort.
Check the cryptocurrency’s website and its social media presence. A legitimate project will usually have a well-maintained website with clear information and active social media accounts with engaged communities. A poorly designed website or a lack of online presence is a warning sign.
Don’t invest more than you can afford to lose. This applies to all investments, but especially crypto, due to its volatility.
Use reputable exchanges. Stick to well-known and established cryptocurrency exchanges to reduce the risk of scams. Avoid lesser-known platforms with poor security measures.
Verify smart contract addresses independently. If you’re interacting with a decentralized application (dApp), always verify the smart contract address on the blockchain explorer to ensure you’re interacting with the genuine project.
What are the fake crypto platforms?
Beware of fake crypto platforms! Many websites pretend to be legitimate exchanges or investment opportunities, but are actually scams designed to steal your money.
Here are a few examples of known fraudulent platforms:
- webelon.org: This platform impersonates Elon Musk and Tesla, promising unrealistic returns. It’s a classic example of an imposter scam, often involving fake crypto giveaways or airdrops to lure victims. They also use pig butchering tactics, building a relationship with the victim before eventually stealing their funds.
- Capiturly.io: This is a fraudulent trading platform employing pig butchering techniques. Pig butchering involves building a false sense of trust and relationship with the victim before eventually defrauding them of large sums of money.
- Ceypro investments: Another fraudulent trading platform using pig butchering scams. These scams often involve fake investment opportunities with guaranteed high returns, which are completely untrue.
Understanding Common Scams:
- Imposter Scams: These scams use the names and branding of legitimate companies or individuals to trick you. Always verify the authenticity of a platform before investing.
- Pig Butchering Scams: These scams involve building a relationship (often romantic) with the victim to gain their trust before stealing their money. They often use fake investment opportunities as the lure.
- Crypto Giveaway/Airdrop Scams: These promise free cryptocurrency in exchange for providing personal information or sending cryptocurrency to a specific address. Legitimate airdrops rarely require payment or personal information.
Protecting Yourself:
- Thoroughly research any platform before investing. Check independent reviews and look for red flags like unrealistic promises, poor website design, or lack of regulatory information.
- Never share your private keys or seed phrases with anyone.
- Be wary of unsolicited investment opportunities. Legitimate investment firms rarely contact people out of the blue.
- Only use reputable and regulated exchanges.
How to trust crypto exchange?
Choosing a trustworthy cryptocurrency exchange is paramount for safeguarding your digital assets. Security shouldn’t be an afterthought; it should be the foundation upon which you base your choice. Let’s delve into the crucial security elements you should look for.
Robust Authentication: Multi-factor authentication (MFA) is no longer a luxury; it’s a necessity. Look for exchanges that implement MFA using methods beyond simple SMS codes, such as authenticator apps (like Google Authenticator or Authy) or hardware security keys (like YubiKey). These add layers of protection against unauthorized logins, even if your password is compromised.
Encryption: Data encryption is the cornerstone of secure exchanges. Reputable exchanges utilize strong encryption protocols (like AES-256) to protect your personal information and transaction data both in transit (using HTTPS) and at rest. Look for transparency in their security policies regarding encryption methods.
Cold Storage: A significant portion of an exchange’s assets should be held in cold storage – offline wallets that are not connected to the internet. This significantly reduces the risk of hacking and theft. While exchanges aren’t always transparent about the exact percentage held offline, a reputable exchange will openly discuss its cold storage strategy.
Regular Security Audits: Independent, third-party security audits are crucial. These audits scrutinize the exchange’s security infrastructure, identifying vulnerabilities and providing recommendations for improvement. Look for exchanges that publicly share the results of these audits; this demonstrates a commitment to transparency and security.
Insurance and Reserves: While not a direct security measure, insurance and reserve transparency can mitigate losses in the event of a security breach or insolvency. Check whether the exchange holds insurance to cover potential losses and whether they transparently report their reserve holdings.
Reputation and Track Record: Research the exchange’s history and reputation. Have they experienced any significant security breaches in the past? What is the general sentiment among users? Online reviews and news articles can provide valuable insights.
Regulatory Compliance: Operating within a regulated jurisdiction often indicates a higher level of compliance with security standards and regulations. However, even regulated exchanges can be susceptible to breaches, so it is not a sole indicator of trustworthiness.
Remember, no exchange is completely immune to hacking attempts. By focusing on these key security aspects, you significantly reduce your risk and improve the safety of your cryptocurrency investments.
Can you trace a crypto scammer?
Tracing crypto scammers is a complex challenge. The decentralized and pseudonymous nature of blockchain makes identifying perpetrators difficult. They leverage mixers, privacy coins, and sophisticated techniques to obscure their tracks. However, it’s not a futile endeavor. Successful tracing often relies on meticulous on-chain analysis, identifying unusual transaction patterns, and leveraging information gleaned from exchanges, collaborating with law enforcement and blockchain analytics firms. Puran Crypto Recovery, for example, specializes in this area.
While recovering funds isn’t guaranteed, identifying the scammer’s operational methods – including the specific wallets and exchanges used – helps build a case for legal action and potentially recover assets. This process is crucial not just for individual victims, but for the broader crypto ecosystem. It strengthens regulatory frameworks, deters future scams, and improves security measures across the industry. Remember, proactive due diligence and utilizing reputable platforms are your best defenses. Thorough research before investing, understanding smart contract audits, and verifying project legitimacy are essential.
The success rate of recovering funds is often influenced by factors such as the time elapsed since the scam, the complexity of the scammer’s operations, and the availability of relevant data. The earlier you act, the higher the likelihood of a successful outcome. Therefore, immediately reporting the incident to authorities and specialized recovery services like Puran Crypto Recovery is paramount.
Which of the following is a red flag in a cryptocurrency investment?
Dude, watch out for sketchy crypto activity! Seeing tons of tiny transactions or huge sums moving around in a short time is a major red flag. Think money laundering – that’s not a good sign for the project’s legitimacy. Similarly, if the transaction history looks totally erratic and unpredictable, that’s a big warning bell. It could indicate insider trading, manipulation, or just a plain ol’ scam. Always check a coin’s transaction history on a blockchain explorer – it’s like a public ledger, so you can see everything. Don’t just trust pretty marketing; dig into the actual on-chain data. Pay attention to the volume – abnormally high or low volume can also point to something fishy. And remember, if it sounds too good to be true, it probably is.
Can you get your money back if you get scammed on crypto?
Getting your money back after a crypto scam is extremely difficult. Unlike credit card payments, cryptocurrency transactions are generally irreversible. Once you send crypto, it’s gone.
Your only real hope is the scammer voluntarily sending the cryptocurrency back. This rarely happens.
Here’s what you can do:
- Report the scam immediately: Contact the platform (exchange, wallet) you used to send the cryptocurrency. They might be able to help, though their ability to assist is limited. They may have tools to flag the transaction as fraudulent, but they likely won’t recover your funds.
- Gather evidence: Collect screenshots of the transaction, communication with the scammer, and any other relevant information. This will be crucial if you decide to report the scam to law enforcement.
- Report to law enforcement: File a police report. While recovering your crypto is unlikely, reporting the scam can help prevent others from falling victim.
Important considerations:
- No central authority: Unlike banks, there’s no central authority to reverse crypto transactions.
- Irreversible nature: Crypto transactions are recorded on a public blockchain; once confirmed, they are almost impossible to undo.
- Scams are common: Be extremely cautious when dealing with cryptocurrency; many scams exist.
What are the red flag indicators for suspicious transactions?
Look, let’s be real. Suspicious transactions? Think beyond the obvious. Frequent cross-border transactions, especially involving jurisdictions known for lax regulations – that’s a huge red flag. We’re talking about places where tracing funds is like playing hide-and-seek in a maze.
Structuring is another classic. Small deposits adding up to a substantial sum? Think they’re trying to evade detection. Same goes for a single, massive cash deposit. It screams “laundering” louder than a DeFi whale dumping its bag.
And then there’s the mismatch. Payments received without corresponding goods or services. This is textbook trade-based money laundering. It’s the digital equivalent of a shell company – all smoke and mirrors. You need to look for discrepancies between invoices, shipping documents, and actual transactions. Don’t let them fool you with clever accounting tricks. Understand the underlying business – is it even *legitimate*? Don’t just look at the numbers, look at the story they’re *trying* to tell.
Finally, remember unexplained wealth. Sudden, massive increases in assets without a clear, verifiable source? That’s a giant flashing neon sign. Dive deep into the source of funds; it’s crucial to establish legitimate origins for any significant inflow.
Which crypto exchanges to avoid?
Navigating the cryptocurrency exchange landscape requires vigilance. Many platforms operate deceptively, preying on unsuspecting investors. Here are some examples of exchanges to steer clear of, categorized by their common scam tactics:
- Fraudulent Trading Platforms: These platforms often mimic legitimate exchanges, employing sophisticated designs and marketing to lure users. Once funds are deposited, access is restricted or withdrawals are blocked. Examples include:
- webelon.org: This platform impersonates Tesla and Elon Musk, employing a classic imposter scam and crypto giveaway/airdrop ruse, often a precursor to a pig butchering scam. Pig butchering scams involve building a relationship with the victim before defrauding them.
- Capiturly.io: Another fraudulent trading platform operating under the guise of legitimacy, frequently involved in pig butchering schemes.
- Ceypro investments: This platform employs similar tactics to Capiturly.io, luring victims with false promises before ultimately stealing their funds via pig butchering.
Understanding the Risks: These scams are sophisticated and often involve social engineering, building trust before defrauding victims. Always verify the legitimacy of any platform before depositing funds. Look for regulatory licenses, user reviews from reputable sources, and transparent fee structures. Be wary of unrealistic promises of high returns and unsolicited contact.
Protecting Yourself: Only use established and regulated exchanges with a proven track record. Never invest more than you can afford to lose. Always independently verify information and be skeptical of unsolicited offers. Report suspicious activity to the appropriate authorities.
What is the safest crypto exchange right now?
There’s no single “safest” crypto exchange, as security is multifaceted and constantly evolving. The perceived safety depends on individual risk tolerance and needs. Rankings like the one you provided (showing CME Group, Coinbase, Bitstamp, and Binance) offer a snapshot in time, based on specific weighted scoring methodologies—often factoring in audit strength. However, these scores don’t encompass all crucial aspects.
CME Group, while high-ranking, primarily focuses on regulated futures contracts, offering a different risk profile than spot exchanges. Its strength lies in established regulatory oversight and established infrastructure.
Coinbase benefits from US regulatory scrutiny, but remains vulnerable to market volatility and potential hacks, despite security improvements. Its user-friendly interface attracts a wider range of users.
Bitstamp, a long-standing exchange, also holds a strong reputation, prioritizing compliance and security, but its smaller size compared to Binance may translate to fewer resources for ongoing security enhancements.
Binance, despite its global reach and high trading volume, has faced regulatory challenges and past security incidents. Its vast user base and decentralized structure present complexities in guaranteeing absolute security.
Crucial factors beyond rankings to consider:
Regulatory Compliance: Exchanges operating in regulated jurisdictions often have greater transparency and accountability.
Security Practices: Investigate an exchange’s security measures—cold storage, two-factor authentication (2FA), insurance coverage, and incident response plans. Independent security audits are vital.
Insurance and Reserve Transparency: Check if the exchange insures user funds against hacks or losses, and if it provides transparent proof of reserves.
Trading Volume and Liquidity: Higher trading volume generally indicates better liquidity, reducing slippage risks.
Customer Support: Access to efficient and responsive customer support is paramount in case of issues.
Jurisdiction: Consider the legal and regulatory framework of the exchange’s operating jurisdiction. Different jurisdictions have different levels of consumer protection.
Diversification: Never keep all your crypto assets on a single exchange. Diversify across multiple platforms to mitigate risk.
Disclaimer: This information is for educational purposes only and not financial advice. Thorough due diligence is crucial before selecting any cryptocurrency exchange.
Can I get my money back from scammer crypto?
Cryptocurrency transactions, unlike traditional banking, are generally irreversible. Once you send crypto, it’s gone. This is a core tenet of blockchain technology – immutability. This means that unlike a credit card chargeback, there’s no central authority that can simply reverse the transaction.
The only way to potentially recover your funds after a crypto scam is if the scammer voluntarily returns your money. This is highly unlikely, but it’s the only path available via the blockchain itself.
While you can’t reverse the transaction, reporting the incident is crucial. Immediately contact the cryptocurrency exchange or platform you used to send the funds. They may be able to assist in some capacity, possibly freezing the scammer’s account if they’re using their platform. This might prevent further scams, even if it doesn’t directly recover your funds. However, this is far from guaranteed. Providing evidence of the fraudulent transaction – screenshots, transaction IDs, communication with the scammer – is key to your report’s success.
Law enforcement agencies are another avenue to explore. While recovering your specific funds might be a long shot, reporting the scam assists in combating crypto crime and building a case against the scammer. The success of this depends on the jurisdiction, the resources available to the relevant agencies, and the specifics of the case.
Prevention is paramount. Always conduct thorough due diligence before sending cryptocurrency to anyone. Verify the recipient’s identity, examine their online reputation, and never rush into a transaction based solely on promises of quick returns. Remember, if something sounds too good to be true, it probably is.
In short: recovering funds from a crypto scam is exceptionally difficult. Focus on reporting the incident to the relevant platforms and authorities to help prevent future scams, and always practice safe crypto habits.
How do I know if a platform is legit?
The padlock? Amateur hour. While that HTTPS padlock – present in Chrome, Safari, Firefox, and IE – *indicates* an encrypted connection, it’s not a foolproof guarantee of legitimacy. Think of it as a basic security hygiene check, not a full KYC/AML audit. A malicious actor can obtain a legitimate SSL certificate.
Real due diligence goes far deeper. Check the website’s “About Us” section meticulously. Verify the listed address and contact information. Look for press releases, reputable media mentions, and professional affiliations – this is your detective work. Scrutinize the team; are they real people with traceable backgrounds? Is there an easily accessible and transparent whitepaper detailing the platform’s functionality and security measures?
Beyond the surface: Investigate the platform’s blockchain activity. Check for transparent transaction histories, publicly available smart contracts (audit them if you’re tech-savvy!), and a lack of suspicious on-chain behavior. Look for reviews and discussions on reputable crypto forums and social media, but be aware of potential shilling or FUD.
Ultimately, no single indicator confirms legitimacy. It’s about assembling a comprehensive picture using multiple independent verification methods. Treat your crypto investments with the same rigor you’d use for any significant financial decision.
How to check if a trading platform is legit?
Checking a trading platform’s legitimacy requires more than just a quick search. While verifying registration with FinCEN (for US-based platforms) is a crucial first step – remember, registration doesn’t guarantee legitimacy; many scams still operate under the guise of registration. It simply flags unregistered entities as high-risk.
Here’s a more comprehensive checklist:
- Check for regulation: Look beyond FinCEN. Confirm if the platform is regulated by reputable financial authorities in its operating jurisdiction (e.g., FCA in the UK, ASIC in Australia, etc.). Their websites usually have registers of authorized firms.
- Scrutinize the website: A professional, well-maintained website with clear contact information is a positive sign. Beware of sites with poor grammar, generic stock photos, or missing crucial details.
- Verify contact information: Try contacting the platform through multiple channels (phone, email). Prompt and helpful responses indicate a more trustworthy entity.
- Read independent reviews: Look for reviews from multiple sources, not just those on the platform’s site. Be wary of overwhelmingly positive reviews; they could be fake.
- Examine the fee structure: Unusually high commissions, hidden fees, or unclear pricing models are red flags.
- Investigate their history: Check for news articles, press releases, or any information about past scandals or lawsuits.
Beyond the basics:
- Understand the platform’s business model: How do they make money? Legitimate platforms usually charge commissions or fees, while scams often rely on unrealistic promises of high returns.
- Be cautious of high-pressure sales tactics: Legitimate platforms offer educational resources and support, but they don’t pressure you into immediate investments.
- Start small: Never invest more money than you can afford to lose, especially when testing a new platform.
Remember: Due diligence is paramount. If something feels too good to be true, it probably is. Thoroughly research any platform before entrusting your funds.
Which is the most trusted crypto exchange?
Determining the “most trusted” exchange is subjective and depends on individual risk tolerance and priorities. However, considering a combination of trading volume, user base, and available reserve data, several exchanges consistently rank highly. Binance, with its massive user base (59.3M monthly visits) and published reserve data, is frequently cited. Bitget, OKX, and Bybit also boast significant monthly visits (19.7M, 23M, and 19M respectively) and have disclosed reserve information, which is a crucial transparency factor investors should prioritize. Remember that reserve transparency doesn’t equate to absolute trust; due diligence, including understanding the exchange’s regulatory compliance and security measures, remains paramount. Always diversify your holdings across multiple exchanges and only invest what you can afford to lose. Consider factors like insurance funds, history of security breaches, and customer support responsiveness when making your decision. The data provided reflects a snapshot in time; rankings and trust levels can shift.
What is the least risky cryptocurrency?
Finding the “least risky” cryptocurrency is tricky, as all crypto investments involve risk. However, Bitcoin (BTC) and Ethereum (ETH) are generally seen as the safest options because they’re the biggest and most established. They’ve been around longer, have larger communities, and have withstood numerous market tests.
Ethereum’s strength lies in its robust blockchain technology. Think of the blockchain as a super secure, public ledger recording all transactions. It’s incredibly difficult to alter or hack this ledger, making Ethereum transactions relatively safe.
Important Note: Even with Bitcoin and Ethereum, your investment isn’t entirely risk-free. The cryptocurrency market is highly volatile; prices can fluctuate wildly. Factors like regulation changes, new technologies, and overall market sentiment can significantly impact their value. Never invest more than you can afford to lose.
Regarding the safest crypto exchange, there’s no single definitive answer. Security is paramount when choosing an exchange. Look for exchanges with strong security features like two-factor authentication (2FA), cold storage for the majority of their assets, and a proven track record. Research reviews and compare features before choosing one. Always be cautious about scams and phishing attempts.
How to find out if a trading platform is legit?
Forget FINRA; that’s for old-school brokers. Crypto’s a different beast. Due diligence is paramount. First, verify the platform’s registration. Many jurisdictions require crypto exchanges to register, although the specifics vary wildly. Research your local regulations.
Security’s key. Look for features like two-factor authentication (2FA), cold storage of assets, and regular security audits. Transparency is crucial – a reputable exchange will openly discuss its security measures.
Scrutinize the team. Who’s behind the platform? Are their backgrounds verifiable? Are they doxxed? A transparent, experienced team builds trust. Beware of anonymity.
Check trading volume and liquidity. Low trading volume can indicate a lack of user base and potential manipulation. High liquidity ensures you can easily buy and sell.
- Community reviews: Explore forums and social media for user experiences. Look beyond positive reviews; negative feedback often reveals hidden problems.
- Check for a history of hacks or scams: A platform’s past performance is a significant indicator of its reliability.
- Assess their KYC/AML compliance: Know Your Customer (KYC) and Anti-Money Laundering (AML) compliance suggests a commitment to regulatory standards and security. But don’t mistake this for an absolute guarantee of legitimacy.
Never invest more than you can afford to lose. Crypto is inherently risky. Diversify your holdings across multiple exchanges and platforms, minimizing your risk exposure.
- Understand the fees: High fees can eat into your profits.
- Read the terms and conditions: Don’t skip this crucial step. Understand the platform’s policies and legal agreements.
What does a bull flag look like in crypto?
A bull flag in crypto is a continuation pattern signaling a potential continuation of an uptrend. It’s characterized by a strong initial upward move (the “flagpole”), followed by a period of consolidation within a roughly parallel channel—the “flag.” This consolidation phase is typically characterized by lower trading volume than the preceding advance. The channel can be either horizontal or slightly downward sloping; a downward sloping channel is often referred to as a pennant. The crucial element is the relatively tight price range.
Key characteristics to identify a bull flag:
• Flagpole: A sharp, decisive price increase preceding the flag formation.
• Consolidation: Lower trading volume within a defined range (the flag). This sideways movement suggests a temporary pause in the uptrend, not a reversal.
• Breakout: A decisive break above the upper trendline of the flag, accompanied by increased volume. This confirms the continuation of the uptrend.
• Volume Analysis: Observing volume is crucial. Lower volume during consolidation and increased volume during the breakout strengthens the pattern’s validity.
Important Considerations:
• False Breakouts: Be wary of false breakouts, where the price briefly breaks above the upper trendline but then quickly reverses. Wait for confirmation with increased volume and sustained price action above the resistance.
• Time Frame: Bull flags can form on various timeframes, from short-term (e.g., 1-hour) to long-term (e.g., weekly or monthly) charts. The timeframe influences the potential magnitude of the subsequent price move.
• Confirmation: It’s advisable to use other technical indicators (e.g., RSI, MACD) to confirm the bullish signal and reduce the risk of false signals.
• Risk Management: Always utilize appropriate risk management techniques, including stop-loss orders, to protect against potential losses.
Which is the safest crypto exchange?
Picking the “safest” crypto exchange is tricky, as no exchange is completely risk-free. However, some are generally considered more trustworthy than others based on factors like security measures, regulatory compliance, and history.
A recent ranking (note: rankings change frequently) showed these exchanges scoring highly on trustworthiness:
- CME Group (7.70): This is a well-established, regulated futures exchange that also offers crypto futures. Its strong regulatory oversight and long history provide a higher level of security and trust than many other exchanges.
- Coinbase (7.68): A major US-based exchange, Coinbase is publicly traded and subject to stringent US regulations. This adds a layer of accountability, though it doesn’t eliminate all risk.
- Bitstamp (6.84): An older and reputable exchange, known for its compliance and relatively long operational history. It’s considered more reliable than many newer platforms.
- Binance (6.71): While a very popular and large exchange, Binance has faced regulatory scrutiny in several regions and has experienced security incidents in the past. It scores lower in trustworthiness compared to the others on this list, despite its market dominance.
Important Considerations:
- No exchange is immune to hacks or exploits. Always practice good security hygiene (strong passwords, 2FA, etc.).
- Regulation varies widely. Exchanges operating in countries with stricter regulations are often perceived as safer, but this isn’t a guarantee.
- Diversify your holdings. Don’t keep all your crypto on a single exchange.
- Research thoroughly before using any exchange. Read reviews and look for evidence of strong security practices.
- Understand the risks involved. The cryptocurrency market is volatile and inherently risky.
*Note: “Spot Vol” likely refers to trading volume, a factor in these rankings, but its exact meaning within this context isn’t fully explained here.