How to avoid FOMO in trading?

Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) is a significant hurdle in crypto trading, often leading to impulsive and ill-informed decisions. Overcoming it requires a disciplined approach.

Thorough Due Diligence: Before investing in any cryptocurrency, conduct comprehensive research. Analyze the project’s whitepaper, understand its underlying technology, assess the team’s expertise, and examine its market capitalization and trading volume. Don’t rely solely on social media hype.

Detailed Record Keeping: Maintain a meticulous log of your trades, including entry and exit points, reasons for each decision, and the associated risks. Compare the performance of trades made based on a planned strategy versus those driven by FOMO. This data provides invaluable insights into your trading behavior and helps you identify patterns.

Develop a Robust Trading Plan: A well-defined strategy is your shield against impulsive actions. Define your risk tolerance, set clear entry and exit points based on technical and fundamental analysis, and stick to your predetermined allocation. This reduces the emotional element of trading significantly. Consider strategies like dollar-cost averaging to mitigate risk and prevent impulsive buys during market hype.

Risk Management is Key: Never invest more than you can afford to lose. Diversify your portfolio across different cryptocurrencies to reduce the impact of individual asset volatility. Employ stop-loss orders to limit potential losses on individual positions. This helps to prevent significant losses driven by panic selling fueled by FOMO.

Limit Social Media Influence: The crypto space is saturated with information, much of it speculative or misleading. Curate your social media feed carefully, avoiding overly optimistic or fear-mongering content. Focus on reliable sources like reputable news outlets and analytical platforms.

Technical Analysis Mastery: Learn to interpret charts and use technical indicators (like moving averages, RSI, MACD) to identify potential entry and exit points based on objective data, not emotions. This data-driven approach helps mitigate FOMO-driven decisions.

Understand Market Cycles: Crypto markets are cyclical. Learn to identify bull and bear markets to manage your expectations and avoid chasing quick gains during parabolic rises.
Practice Patience: Successful crypto trading requires patience. Avoid the urge to constantly check charts or react to every market fluctuation. Stick to your strategy and allow time for your investments to mature.
Start Small: Begin with a small amount of capital to gain experience and refine your trading strategy before committing larger sums.
Embrace Losses as Learning Opportunities: Losses are inevitable in trading. Analyze what went wrong, learn from your mistakes, and adjust your strategy accordingly.

Is FOMO a good investment?

No. Investing based on FOMO (fear of missing out) is a recipe for disaster. Experienced investors leverage time in the market, not timing the market. FOMO-driven decisions are characteristic of speculators, not long-term investors.

Why FOMO is detrimental:

Emotional Investing: FOMO bypasses fundamental analysis, leading to impulsive purchases of assets you don’t understand at inflated prices.
High Risk Tolerance: It often results in excessive risk-taking, such as leveraging beyond your means (e.g., using home equity loans for speculative investments), drastically increasing the potential for significant losses.
Missed Opportunities: Ironically, the fear of missing out often leads to missing out on genuinely good investment opportunities due to impulsive, poorly researched choices.
Market Timing Illusion: Trying to time the market perfectly is an impossible task. FOMO fuels this illusion, leading to frequent trades and higher transaction costs that erode returns.

Instead of FOMO, focus on:

Fundamental Analysis: Thoroughly research companies and their financials before investing.
Diversification: Spread your investments across different asset classes to mitigate risk.
Long-Term Perspective: Invest for the long haul, weathering short-term market fluctuations.
Risk Management: Understand your risk tolerance and invest accordingly. Avoid excessive leverage.
Dollar-Cost Averaging (DCA): Invest a fixed amount regularly, regardless of market fluctuations, to smooth out the impact of volatility.

In short: FOMO is a powerful emotion that can lead to devastating financial consequences. Successful investing requires discipline, research, and a long-term perspective, not impulsive reactions to market hype.

What is the 90% rule in trading?

The “90% rule” in trading, especially relevant in the volatile crypto market, is a brutal reality check. It grimly states that 90% of newbie traders lose 90% of their initial investment within the first 90 days.

This isn’t just some urban legend; it highlights the steep learning curve and the high risk involved. Many are drawn in by the potential for quick gains, fueled by pump-and-dump schemes and social media hype. However, this often leads to disastrous outcomes.

Why does this happen?

Lack of education and proper risk management: Most new traders jump in without understanding basic market mechanics, technical analysis, or risk management strategies. They often over-leverage and chase quick profits, leading to significant losses.
Emotional trading: Fear and greed are powerful forces. New traders often panic sell during dips or FOMO (fear of missing out) into overvalued assets, exacerbating losses.
Ignoring market cycles: Crypto markets are cyclical, characterized by bull and bear runs. Lack of understanding of these cycles makes it difficult to time entries and exits effectively.
Scams and rug pulls: The crypto space unfortunately harbors numerous scams and fraudulent projects designed to take advantage of naive investors.

To improve your chances of surviving the first 90 days (and beyond):

Thorough research and education: Learn about fundamental and technical analysis, risk management (stop-loss orders are crucial!), and different investment strategies.
Start small: Only invest what you can afford to lose. Consider paper trading (simulated trading) first to gain experience without risking real money.
Diversify your portfolio: Don’t put all your eggs in one basket. Spread your investments across different cryptocurrencies and asset classes.
Develop a trading plan: Outline your entry and exit strategies, risk tolerance, and investment goals. Stick to your plan.
Be patient and disciplined: Trading takes time and effort. Don’t expect overnight riches. Learn from your mistakes and adapt your strategy accordingly.

Remember: The 90% rule isn’t a prophecy; it’s a warning. By focusing on education, risk management, and a disciplined approach, you can significantly improve your chances of long-term success in crypto investing.

What can FOMO lead to?

FOMO, or the fear of missing out, isn’t just a social media buzzword; it’s a significant detriment to performance, impacting both trading and overall well-being. Distraction is a major consequence, leading to poor decision-making and missed opportunities in the market. This translates to a decline in trading productivity, potentially resulting in significant financial losses.

Beyond the financial sphere, the impact is severe. Studies link FOMO to sleep disturbances, hindering the cognitive functions crucial for effective trading analysis and risk management. The resulting stress and anxiety can manifest as social anxiety and even clinical depression, creating a vicious cycle of poor performance and worsening mental health. In essence, the constant pursuit of “keeping up” erodes focus, judgment, and ultimately, your bottom line. Ignoring FOMO and prioritizing disciplined trading strategies is paramount for long-term success.

Furthermore, the pressure to constantly monitor markets fuelled by FOMO can lead to overtrading – a common path to significant losses. This highlights the need for a structured trading plan, risk management protocols, and importantly, mental fortitude to resist the lure of constant market participation.

How to get rid of FOMO stocks?

FOMO, or the fear of missing out, often leads to impulsive stock investments, particularly in volatile crypto markets. To mitigate this, robust portfolio diversification is key. Don’t put all your eggs in one basket—or even one blockchain.

Diversify across asset classes: Integrate stablecoins, blue-chip cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum, and promising altcoins with varying market caps and use cases. Consider adding exposure to DeFi protocols, NFTs, or even real-world assets tokenized on a blockchain. This multi-pronged approach helps cushion against the unpredictable nature of individual crypto assets.

Diversify within asset classes: Don’t over-concentrate in a single sector of the crypto market. Instead of only investing in memecoins, for instance, spread your investments across different segments like layer-1 blockchains, decentralized exchanges, and metaverse projects. This reduces risk associated with sector-specific market downturns.

Employ a DCA strategy: Dollar-cost averaging (DCA) involves investing a fixed amount of money at regular intervals, regardless of price fluctuations. This disciplined approach helps mitigate the emotional decision-making fueled by FOMO and minimizes the impact of buying high during market peaks.

Regularly rebalance your portfolio: Market conditions change constantly. Periodically rebalancing—selling some assets that have outperformed and buying others that have underperformed—helps maintain your desired asset allocation and reduces overall portfolio volatility.

Focus on fundamentals: Before investing, thoroughly research the underlying technology, team, and use case of any crypto asset. Investing based on hype alone increases your susceptibility to FOMO and can lead to significant losses.

Why do day traders always lose?

The assertion that day traders “always” lose is inaccurate, though the high failure rate is undeniable. Bloomberg’s research highlighting the 80% attrition rate within two years points to a systemic issue: a lack of robust, tested trading strategies.

The core problem isn’t the market itself, but rather the trader’s approach. Many enter day trading romanticizing quick profits, neglecting the essential foundation of risk management and disciplined execution. This is particularly true in volatile crypto markets.

Key reasons for day trading losses, especially in crypto:

Lack of a defined strategy: A clear plan encompassing entry/exit points, risk tolerance, position sizing, and stop-loss mechanisms is crucial. Many lack a systematic approach, relying on gut feeling or following dubious signals.
Poor risk management: Overleveraging, neglecting stop-losses, and failing to diversify are common mistakes that amplify losses. In crypto, leverage magnifies both gains and losses exponentially. A single bad trade can wipe out an entire portfolio.
Emotional trading: Fear and greed drive irrational decisions. Holding onto losing trades hoping for a rebound or panicking and selling at the bottom are frequent pitfalls.
Inadequate backtesting and paper trading: A strategy needs rigorous testing before deploying real capital. Paper trading (simulating trades without real money) is vital to refine strategies and build confidence.
Ignoring market analysis: Understanding market cycles, technical indicators (like RSI, MACD), and fundamental factors (for example, regulatory changes or network upgrades in crypto) are essential for informed decision-making. Relying solely on price action without context is a recipe for disaster.
High transaction costs and slippage: Frequent trading incurs fees, and slippage (the difference between the expected and executed price) can significantly erode profits, especially in less liquid crypto markets.

Successful day trading requires:

Thorough research and education: Understanding market dynamics, technical analysis, and risk management is paramount.
A well-defined and rigorously backtested trading strategy: This strategy must be adaptable to changing market conditions.
Strict adherence to risk management rules: This includes setting appropriate stop-losses, defining position sizing, and avoiding overleverage.
Disciplined execution and emotional control: Sticking to the plan despite market fluctuations is crucial for long-term success.
Continuous learning and adaptation: Markets evolve constantly. Staying informed and adapting strategies accordingly is essential.

What is the FOMO technique?

FOMO, or “fear of missing out,” in crypto marketing leverages the inherent volatility and scarcity of assets to drive urgency and action. It’s not just about limited-time offers; it taps into the core psychological drivers of the crypto space: the potential for explosive growth and the constant risk of missing the next big thing. This isn’t about a simple sale; it’s about positioning your product or project as a key component of a potentially life-changing opportunity.

Effective FOMO campaigns in crypto utilize real-time data and community engagement. Showing charts illustrating rapid price increases, highlighting the limited supply of tokens, or showcasing exclusive community benefits only accessible to early adopters are all powerful techniques. The key is authenticity: don’t artificially create scarcity where it doesn’t exist; focus on the genuine limitations and unique advantages of your offering.

Think beyond simple timers. Highlight the community aspect – the feeling of belonging to a group of early adopters who are poised to profit. Use testimonials from satisfied investors who benefited from participating early. Show, don’t just tell. Leverage user-generated content and case studies to demonstrate the real-world impact of early adoption.

Ultimately, FOMO in crypto marketing is about capitalizing on the inherent risk and reward dynamic of the market. It’s about creating a sense of urgency and exclusivity that compels action before the opportunity disappears – a feeling amplified by the decentralized, fast-paced nature of the cryptocurrency ecosystem.

How does FOMO affect decision-making?

FOMO, or the fear of missing out, is a massive factor in crypto investing. It directly impacts your decision-making process, often leading to rash choices. Studies show a strong correlation between high FOMO and difficulty making decisions – you’re paralyzed by the constant fear of missing the next moon shot. This leads to impulsive buys based on hype rather than fundamental analysis.

Research even suggests that FOMO explains a significant portion of why people employ poor decision-making strategies in the crypto space, beyond just the general tendency to always chase the best possible outcome (maximization). Think of all those FOMO-driven purchases of memecoins that tanked later. You end up constantly chasing gains instead of sticking to a well-defined strategy based on risk tolerance and diversification.

Essentially, high FOMO = poor crypto investment decisions. It overrides rational thinking and pushes you towards high-risk, low-reward scenarios.

Managing FOMO requires disciplined portfolio management, robust risk assessment, and sticking to your pre-defined investment plan. Ignoring the noise and focusing on long-term strategies is crucial for success in the volatile crypto market.

What are the disadvantages of FOMO?

FOMO, or the fear of missing out, is a real drain on your mental capital, much like holding onto a losing altcoin for too long. Studies show a strong correlation between high FOMO and unhealthy habits such as alcohol abuse and sleep disorders – think of it as the crypto equivalent of chasing pump-and-dump schemes, ultimately leading to a significant loss. This constant anxiety significantly impacts your well-being and life satisfaction, hindering your ability to make rational investment decisions, similar to panic selling during a market downturn. Essentially, FOMO prevents you from focusing on long-term strategies and sound risk management – the equivalent of diamond hands in the crypto world. Research consistently demonstrates that FOMO negatively impacts mental health, leading to impulsive actions and poor decision-making, resulting in missed opportunities for real gains, akin to neglecting promising projects in favor of fleeting trends.

How to avoid FOMO in crypto?

Conquering Crypto FOMO: A Strategic Approach

The allure of missing out (FOMO) in the volatile crypto market is a powerful force. Combating it requires a disciplined, strategic approach, far beyond simply *not* experiencing it.

Develop an Impeccable Risk Management Strategy: FOMO often stems from impulsive decisions. Pre-defined risk tolerance, stop-loss orders, and diversification across multiple assets (not just meme coins!) are crucial. Never invest more than you can afford to lose. This isn’t just a cliché; it’s the foundation of sustainable crypto investing.
Embrace the Long Game: Crypto is a marathon, not a sprint. Short-term gains often mask long-term risks. Focusing on long-term growth potential and holding through market corrections (the “dip”) is significantly more effective than chasing fleeting pumps and dumps.
Diversify Beyond the Hype: While exciting new projects attract attention, don’t let FOMO blind you to established, fundamentally strong assets. Diversification across different crypto asset classes (Bitcoin, Ethereum, stablecoins, DeFi tokens, etc.) reduces risk and mitigates the impact of individual asset crashes.
Ignore the Noise: Social media is rife with FUD (fear, uncertainty, and doubt) and often amplified FOMO. Filter out the noise and focus on credible sources of information and your own research. Develop your own independent analysis capabilities instead of blindly following hype cycles.
Focus on Fundamentals: Instead of chasing price action, analyze the underlying technology, team, use case, and market potential of projects. Investing based on fundamentals significantly reduces reliance on emotional decisions and minimizes the impact of FOMO.
Regularly Review and Adjust: Your strategy isn’t static. Market conditions change, and your own goals may evolve. Regularly review your portfolio, adjust your allocations based on market dynamics and your evolving risk tolerance, and stay informed about significant developments.

Pro Tip: Schedule regular “crypto-free” periods to detach from the market’s constant fluctuations and gain perspective. This can significantly reduce FOMO and allow for more rational decision-making.

What is the riskiest investment option?

Defining the “riskiest” investment is subjective, depending on your risk tolerance and investment horizon. However, several asset classes consistently rank high in risk. Oil and gas exploratory drilling offers potentially massive returns, but exploration is inherently unpredictable, with many ventures failing completely. Similarly, limited partnerships often lack liquidity and transparency, making them difficult to exit and value accurately. Penny stocks are highly volatile, prone to manipulation, and often represent companies with weak fundamentals.

Alternative investments, such as hedge funds and private equity, can generate substantial returns but also entail significant risks, including illiquidity, lack of transparency, and high fees. While high-yield bonds offer higher interest payments than investment-grade bonds, they also carry a much greater default risk. Leveraged ETFs amplify both gains and losses, magnifying potential profits but also increasing the risk of substantial losses. Investing in emerging and frontier markets offers growth opportunities but exposes investors to political and economic instability.

Finally, IPOs (Initial Public Offerings) are inherently risky. While some IPOs become highly successful, many underperform or fail entirely. The lack of a substantial trading history makes accurate valuation challenging, and the initial hype often leads to inflated prices. Careful due diligence, diversification across various asset classes, and a realistic understanding of your own risk tolerance are crucial for mitigating these risks. Remember that high potential returns usually come with proportionally higher risks.

Why do 90% of day traders fail?

90% of day traders fail because they chase the dopamine rush of quick wins, expecting constant adrenaline and massive profits like they see in pump-and-dump schemes. This is especially true in crypto, where volatile price swings can create the illusion of easy money. Swing trading, however, offers a more sustainable approach. It’s about patiently accumulating assets during dips and selling during rallies, capitalizing on long-term trends rather than fleeting price spikes. Understanding blockchain technology and its underlying fundamentals, conducting thorough due diligence on projects, and employing proper risk management – including diversification across different cryptocurrencies and using stop-loss orders – are crucial for success in swing trading, as opposed to the gambling nature of many day trading strategies. Proper expectations, recognizing that consistent, moderate gains are more realistic than daily windfalls, are vital. The key is to have a well-defined trading strategy and to stick to it, resisting the urge to chase short-term gains fueled by hype or FOMO (fear of missing out).

Remember: Crypto markets are incredibly volatile. Day trading amplifies the risk substantially, while swing trading mitigates it by focusing on the longer term. Consider the tax implications of both strategies before making a decision. It’s extremely important to manage your emotions and only invest what you can afford to lose.

What is the trap of FOMO?

FOMO, or “fear of missing out,” in crypto is the anxiety that you’re missing a huge pump in a certain altcoin, a lucrative NFT drop, or the next big DeFi yield farming opportunity. It’s the feeling that everyone else is getting rich while you’re stuck with your current holdings.

This anxiety pushes you to make rash decisions, like buying into hyped-up projects without proper due diligence, chasing pump and dump schemes, or over-allocating to assets simply because they’re trending. This often leads to significant losses.

Instead of succumbing to FOMO, focus on your own long-term strategy. Research thoroughly, diversify your portfolio, and only invest what you can afford to lose. Remember, missed opportunities are a part of investing – what matters is making sound, informed decisions based on your risk tolerance and financial goals.

Don’t let the highlight reels on social media dictate your investment choices. Many crypto influencers only showcase their wins, ignoring the numerous losses that are part of the process. Successful crypto investing requires patience, discipline, and a healthy dose of skepticism.

What is the biggest mistake day traders make?

The biggest mistake day traders, especially in crypto, make is a lack of holistic risk management, encompassing several key areas:

Insufficient Market Research: Ignoring on-chain metrics (e.g., exchange inflows/outflows, whale activity, miner behavior), fundamental analysis of the underlying project (tokenomics, team, use case), and broader macroeconomic factors affecting the crypto market is a recipe for disaster. Shallow technical analysis alone is insufficient.
Trading Without a Defined Strategy & Risk Parameters: This includes lacking pre-defined entry/exit points, stop-loss orders, and position sizing based on risk tolerance and capital. Many new traders are drawn to pump-and-dump schemes instead of sustainable strategies.
Over-Reliance on Technical Indicators & Bots: While helpful, blindly following signals from automated systems or relying solely on lagging indicators without understanding the underlying market dynamics guarantees poor long-term performance. Crypto markets are notoriously susceptible to manipulation and flash crashes.
Failure to Cut Losses: Crypto volatility magnifies losses quickly. Sticking to a losing trade in the hope of recovering the initial investment often leads to significantly larger losses, even total wipeouts.
Overexposure and Leverage Abuse: Excessive leverage in crypto trading drastically amplifies both profits and losses, leading to rapid liquidation during market corrections. Understanding liquidation mechanisms and using leverage responsibly are crucial.
Poor Portfolio Diversification: While diversification is important, rapidly diversifying across numerous altcoins without thorough due diligence increases exposure to scams and low-quality projects. Focus on a few well-researched assets initially.
Misunderstanding Leverage and Liquidation: The margin requirements and liquidation triggers vary significantly between exchanges. A misunderstanding of these mechanisms can lead to unexpected losses, especially during periods of high volatility. Smart contract risks are also often overlooked.
Ignoring the Risk-Reward Ratio: Many chase high-reward trades with disproportionately high risk, neglecting the probability of success. A solid risk-reward ratio (e.g., 1:2 or better) should guide all trades.
Emotional Trading: Fear, greed, and FOMO (fear of missing out) are significant factors impacting decision-making. Developing a disciplined approach to trading is essential.
Neglecting Security Best Practices: Poor security practices (e.g., weak passwords, using insecure exchanges) can result in the loss of all funds, rendering trading strategies irrelevant.

How effective is FOMO?

FOMO, in the context of cryptocurrency markets, is a double-edged sword. While highly effective at driving short-term trading volume and potentially boosting the price of a particular asset – a pump – through immediate buy-in triggered by fear of missing out, its long-term impact is far less certain and often detrimental.

Short-term effectiveness:

Rapid price increases due to increased demand.
Increased trading volume and liquidity (temporarily).
Positive market sentiment (short-lived).

Long-term negative consequences:

Emotional decision-making: FOMO leads to impulsive purchases, often at inflated prices, disregarding fundamental analysis.
Market manipulation vulnerability: Pump-and-dump schemes thrive on exploiting FOMO.
Missed opportunities: Chasing hype often results in neglecting promising, undervalued assets with higher long-term potential.
High risk of losses: Panic selling during market corrections, fueled by fear, leads to significant losses.
Financial instability: Over-leveraging to participate in hyped projects can result in devastating consequences.
Cognitive biases: Confirmation bias reinforces the FOMO narrative, preventing rational assessment of risk.

Mitigation strategies:

Diversification: Don’t put all your eggs in one basket, especially those influenced by hype.
Fundamental analysis: Focus on project fundamentals, not just price action.
Risk management: Develop a robust risk management plan and stick to it.
Emotional intelligence: Recognize and manage your own emotions and biases.
Long-term perspective: Focus on long-term investment strategies rather than short-term gains.

How does FOMO affect financial decisions?

FOMO, or the fear of missing out, severely distorts rational financial decisions in the crypto space. It drives reckless behavior, pushing investors to pile into hyped-up memecoins or overvalued projects, completely ignoring fundamental analysis and risk management. This often leads to significant losses.

Inexperienced investors are particularly vulnerable. Their lack of market knowledge makes them susceptible to social media hype and influencer marketing, leading them to make impulsive buys at market tops.

But it’s not just newbies. Even seasoned traders can fall prey to FOMO, especially during bull markets. The constant barrage of news about skyrocketing prices creates a pressure to participate, disregarding the potential downsides. This is where a robust trading plan, including stop-losses and diversification, is critical.

Recognizing FOMO is the first step towards mitigating its effects. Analyzing your emotional state before making a trade – are you driven by fear or sound investment logic? – is essential. Remember, successful investing requires discipline and patience; reacting impulsively to short-term price swings usually results in long-term regret.

Diversification is your best defense against FOMO-driven losses. Don’t put all your eggs in one basket. Spread your investments across various projects to reduce the impact of any single asset’s price fluctuation.

Sticking to your investment strategy, even when others are making seemingly quick gains, is paramount. Remember, not every trend is a sustainable one.

What is the best exit strategy in crypto?

Crafting the perfect crypto exit strategy is crucial; it’s not just about maximizing profits but also minimizing losses. There’s no one-size-fits-all solution, but here are five refined approaches, factoring in market volatility and individual risk tolerance:

1. Set Profit Targets & Stop-Loss Orders: This foundational strategy involves defining predetermined profit and loss thresholds. Take-profit orders automatically sell your holdings when a target price is reached, securing profits. Conversely, stop-loss orders limit potential losses by automatically selling if the price drops below a specified level. Pro-tip: Consider using trailing stop-loss orders, which adjust the stop-loss price as the asset’s price increases, locking in profits while mitigating risk.

2. Partial Exits: Instead of selling your entire holdings at once, gradually reduce your position in phases. This mitigates the risk of missing a potential price upswing and allows for greater control over your capital. Pro-tip: Base your partial exits on percentage allocations (e.g., sell 25% at target X, 25% at target Y, etc.) rather than fixed amounts.

3. Time-Based Exits: This strategy focuses on a predetermined timeframe rather than price targets. Holding for a specified duration, perhaps based on project milestones or market cycles, offers a less emotionally driven approach. Pro-tip: Factor in market trends and potential regulatory changes when setting your timeframe.

4. Phased Selling: Similar to partial exits, this strategy involves selling your holdings in multiple tranches over an extended period. This is particularly useful for large positions, reducing market impact and minimizing price fluctuations caused by large sell orders. Pro-tip: Employ dollar-cost averaging in reverse (DCA out) for a smoother exit strategy.

5. Rebalancing & Diversification: Regularly rebalance your portfolio to maintain your desired asset allocation. This involves selling over-performing assets and buying under-performing ones. Diversifying into stablecoins offers a safe haven to protect against market downturns. Pro-tip: Rebalancing should be a periodic task, not solely reactive to market movements. Consider quarterly or bi-annual reviews.